Predator Spyware: Exploiting Zero-Days and MitM Attacks to Invade iOS and Android Devices

Mobile & Wireless Predator Spyware Delivered to iOS, Android Devices via Zero-Days, MitM Attacks

Background

Google’s Threat Analysis Group has reported that the Predator spyware has been delivered to iPhones and Android devices through the exploitation of zero-day vulnerabilities in iOS and Chrome, as well as man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Apple has released patches for the three zero-days, but the company has stated that it is only aware of exploitation on devices running iOS versions prior to 16.7. The University of Toronto’s Citizen Lab and Google’s Threat Analysis Group have identified an attack targeting Ahmed Altantawy, an opposition politician in Egypt, where the Predator spyware was delivered through an MitM attack.

The Attack

Altantawy would be redirected to a site serving the Predator spyware when visiting certain websites using his Vodafone Egypt mobile data connection. The attack only occurred on websites using HTTP rather than HTTPS, allowing the attacker to intercept the victim’s traffic and redirect it to the malicious website. The injection middlebox used in the attack indicates that the middlebox was potentially on Vodafone Egypt’s network, as targeting injection at an individual subscriber would require integration with Vodafone’s subscriber database. Egypt is a known customer of the Predator spyware, suggesting that the operation was conducted with the knowledge of Egyptian authorities.

Exploitation on Android Devices

Google has also identified an exploit chain designed to install the Predator spyware on Android devices in Egypt. While not all vulnerabilities in the chain have been identified, Google has confirmed that it leveraged a Chrome vulnerability, CVE-2023-4762, for remote code execution. The exploit chain was delivered through both MitM attacks and malicious links sent via SMS and WhatsApp messages.

Opinion: The Growing Threat of Spyware Attacks

The Significance of Zero-Day Exploitation

The use of zero-day vulnerabilities in these spyware attacks on mobile devices highlights the advanced capabilities of threat actors. Zero-days are vulnerabilities that are unknown to the software vendor and, therefore, have no available patches. Exploiting zero-days is highly sophisticated and requires significant resources, suggesting the involvement of state-sponsored or well-funded actors. These attacks underscore the importance of prompt and regular software updates as a defense against such threats, as demonstrated by Apple’s release of patches for the zero-days.

The Dangers of MitM Attacks

The use of MitM attacks in delivering the Predator spyware is particularly concerning. MitM attacks allow threat actors to intercept and manipulate communication between two parties, potentially exposing sensitive information and enabling the installation of malicious software. In this case, the attacker was able to redirect Altantawy’s traffic to a malicious website, bypassing the security measures implemented by the websites he visited. MitM attacks highlight the need for strong encryption protocols, such as HTTPS, to protect against traffic interception and manipulation.

Recommendations

Regular Software Updates

It is essential for smartphone users to regularly update their devices and software to protect against known vulnerabilities. Updates often include patches for zero-day vulnerabilities and other security enhancements. Users should prioritize installing updates from reputable vendors promptly.

Educate Users on Phishing and Suspicious Links

Users should be educated on the risks associated with phishing attacks and suspicious links received via SMS or messaging apps. They should exercise caution when clicking on links and avoid downloading files from unfamiliar or untrusted sources.

Implement HTTPS Everywhere

Websites should prioritize the use of HTTPS to secure user communications and prevent interception and manipulation by potential threat actors. This is especially critical for websites that handle sensitive information.

Government Regulations and Cybersecurity Measures

Governments should implement regulations and cybersecurity measures to protect individuals from spyware attacks. This includes proactive monitoring of networks for suspicious activity, collaboration with technology companies to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities, and informing citizens about potential threats and best practices for online security.

Overall, these spyware attacks highlight the need for increased vigilance and proactive security measures to protect individuals and organizations from sophisticated threats. Regular software updates, user education, the widespread use of HTTPS, and government action are all crucial in combating the growing threat of spyware attacks.